Nobody Knows the Bubbles I’ve Seen

We tend to focus heavily on the value of capabilities in strategy. However, the very features that drive willingness to pay (and thus competitive advantage) may ultimately turn out to be a disadvantage. In other words, a core competence can become a core rigidity. When rivals use this against a firm, this might be thought of as a form of “judo strategy.” Below, the animated scrubbing bubbles, the rival’s differentiator, is reframed as “lewd” residue.

Contributed by Russ Coff

When Rivals Eat Your Lunch

How do firms gain access to valuable resources and capabilities? Barney’s original discussion of strategic factor market theory focused on superior expectations or luck as drivers. This lunchables commercial illustrates how difficult that can be if the value of an asset is widely known. In class, it may lead to a nice discussion of when the value of a resource might not be known.

Contributed by Russ Coff

Exercise: Seed of an Idea

Stanford’s Tina Seelig describes a classroom experiment (below) where students were given $5 of “seed” funding and 2 hours to make as much money as possible. The best teams made money by working outside of the stated constraints (e.g., ignoring the seed funding & timeframe). Understanding their human capital and unique resources was critical. This really simple exercise gets at the crux of entrepreneurial opportunity.

Contributed by Russ Coff

CEO Pay vs. Iron Man & LeBron

CEO pay is back in the news. Harvard Economics professor Greg Mankiw offers a NYT piece on executive compensation and income distribution suggesting that the public is ok with large incomes of sports stars or actors (like Robert Downey Jr in Iron Man) because they understand how these people contribute. In contrast, understanding what executives add is much more complex. Paul Krugman responds, with an angry rant arguing that few of the top earners are stars or athletes and maintaining his position that executives are greedy and overpaid. This seems like a nice point to debate in a strategy classroom. Are executives overpaid? You might want to conclude the discussion with Alison Mackey’s SMJ article that applies actual data analysis to the question (instead of angry rhetoric). She found that “in certain settings the ‘CEO effect’ on corporate-parent performance is substantially more important than that of industry and firm effects, but only moderately more important than industry and firm effects on business-segment performance.” That is, in some cases, up to 29% of the variance in firm performance can be attributed to the CEO. In the case of a Fortune 500 firm, that could easily amount to billions.

Contributed by Peter Klein and Russ Coff

Dogbert on Bureaucracy

Dogbert writes a new management text and defines bureaucracy as when “a hundred people think ‘A’ but compromise on ‘B’.” One wonders how firms can create any value at all. This might spur a strategy process discussion of how satisficing results in suboptimal outcomes.

Contributed by Russ Coff

Homer’s Oddity: A Human Capital Chip

The Simpson’s clip below illustrates how human capital can be co-specialized with other assets to create an advantage. The Intel chip, once paired with Homer, becomes a strategic asset in the pastry sciences. In this way, human capital becomes industry and firm-specific and can be a source of competitive advantage especially if rivals have no substitutes. This is also related to Lazear’s skill weights model where unique combinations of general human capital form highly idiosyncratic knowledge bases. Could Homer be a source of advantage for Dunkin Donuts? Who would reap the gains?

Contributed by Russ Coff

Zappo’s Zaps Mgrs: A whole holacracy

Zappos is moving to a holacracy whereby managers and job titles go by the wayside (see this CNET article among others). This is a real kick in the head to bureaucracy and hierarchy. How does this organizational design mesh with their strategy of customer service and innovation? Another nice example is Valve — see the Valve post on this site. These examples can seed a discussion of strategy, structure, and organizational design as well as a critical analysis of many practices taught in business schools. Such radical forms can be very hard to design and implement. One problem that Foss explores in a recent Organization Science paper is incentives, motivation, and the tendency of managers to meddle in tasks that they say they have delegated. Here is an entertaining Zappo’s commercial to ease into the topic (though one of the many Dilbert videos would be quite compatible as well).

Contributed by Russ Coff

Task Force on Bad Decision Processes

My university (along with many others) has a “committee on Committees.” It’s as if Scott Adams designed the process himself. How often do firms have poor or haphazard processes but expect consistent superior outcomes from them? Along these lines, David Croson reminded me about the Ig Nobel Prize winning government Report on Reports. This Dilbert video seems like a decent starting point for a discussion of strategy process…

Contributed b Russ Coff

Paper Fight Exercise

Having a paper fight in class can really shake things up. It also allows you to demonstrate some simple competitive dynamics principles in a very short exercise. I use this with evening, executive and BBA students — generally on the first day of class to shake things up and introduce the topic.

Learning Objectives:

  • Industry evolution and performance targets.
  • Strategic resources & competitive advantage
  • Dynamic capabilities and hyper-competition
  • Competitive dynamics and game theory
  • Improvisation and strategy
  • Shake things up!

Process/Setup (<5 min): Continue reading

Human Capital Dilemmas

As a strategic asset, human capital poses critical challenges because it can often be hard to trace productivity to individuals (causal ambiguity or social complexity). This makes it hard to reward and motivate key people. Or, in this case, allows slackers to get away without working. One of my papers (Coff, 1997) addresses these management dilemmas directly.

Contributed by Russ Coff

MicroDesign Negotiation: Cross-business coordination

This exercise focuses on the problems with designing incentives and structures to promote the cooperation across divisions needed to achieve synergies. MicroDesign is a negotiation to transfer a technology between 2 divisions of a corporation in order to take advantage of a market opportunity. Sub-optimal agreements (money left on the table) represent transaction costs and inefficiencies that must be overcome in order to create corporate value.

There are two roles (Gant and Coleman). One division, Household Appliances (HA), has developed a new technology that has value if sold outside of the company. However, the division does not have a charter to sell chips. In order to take advantage, the technology must be transferred to the Chips & components (CC) division. Continue reading

Outliers and Competitive Advantage

Competitive advantage is often driven by outliers. However, betting on outliers can be risky business. This video illustrates that average performers might be better over the long haul unless you are able to really identify who the outliers are (and it is not based on luck). Denrell and Fang have a nice paper on how trying to pick extreme outliers will mean that you are wrong most of the time.

Contributed by Russ Coff

Betray Your Ignorance

Causal ambiguity can be hard to explain in class. This Dilbert video might offer a starting point. Here, the report is so technical that no one reads it and the summary slide is so complex that no one understands it.

Contributed by Russ Coff

Value Chains: A flighty topic…

Norman Sheehan has developed an award winning exercise to teach value chain analysis (see the JME paper). Here are excepts from the abstract: Despite its ubiquity, many students struggle to understand and apply value chain concepts. JetFighter uses a complex manufacturing process (intricate paper planes) to enhance students’ value chain competencies. Teams are use value chain concepts to develop innovative strategies to fulfill customer requirements and outperform rivals. The exercise involves two production periods with a brief value chain lecture occurring after the first period. Given that teams typically lose money in the first round, their motivation to learn is enhanced as they are immediately provided an opportunity to apply this knowledge in the second period. Here are materials for the exercise:

Contributed by Norman Sheehan

Time to Reorganize…

Another great Dilbert cartoon turned to video. Often strategy takes the shape of continual reorganizations. If you find this to be of use, you might check out Nickerson and Zenger’s article on being efficiently fickle. This explores how organizations may oscillate between discrete choices (such as centralization/decentralization, make/buy, hiring, etc.) because the “optimum” middle point is unstable.

Contributed by Russ Coff

Oh No, He’ll be an Engineer!

This short Dilbert clip identifies the emergence of “the Knack” a capability to understand, create and fix all mechanical and electronic objects. While it is silly, it also illustrates that exceptional capabilities also come with issues of fit. The firm that is able to provide a unique home for such misfits might enjoy a competitive advantage (I’m sure you can think of a few examples).

Then, there is this clip with Wally which shows what it is like when such engineers are valuable and rare – they can enjoy tremendous bargaining power…

Continue reading

Crabby Teamwork

Here is another demonstration of the power of teamwork and organization to defeat a bigger foe. The message is simple but how many firms can really coordinate effectively? This can be used to focus on coordination of any type (alliances, etc.)

Contributed by Russ Coff

An Epic Split in the Strategy Field

Birgul Arslan suggests that the Epic Split commercial of Volvo in the Volvo Trucks Case to showcase how truck companies may differentiate themselves with their technology. I see a broader use in the context of almost any kind of alignment one might want to discuss (e.g., strategies, governance, organizational units, etc.). Any misalignment could result in catastrophic results…

Contributed by Birgul Arslan

Paperscape: Building on the RBV

This exercise from Norman Sheehan is based loosely on the Tinkertoy exercise (on this site). The main difference is that groups get unequal resource endowments (one group gets tape and paper, while the rest get paper clips, elastic bands and paper) and are asked to build the highest paper tower. The results lead to a discussion of how superior resources (tape) can lead to better performance if they are organized properly. The takeaway is that students need to see if their focal firm has a tape-like resource. If so, they need to make it the cornerstone of their strategy. If the focal case firm lacks a tape-like resource, then it needs to be excellent at execution if it is to have any chance at having above average performance. Students love the exercise and it is a great way to teach students why they should look for VRIO resources when doing a case analysis. A related exercise, the Egg Drop Auction, explores strategic factor markets and the accumulation of heterogeneous resources. Here is the Paperscape Teaching Note (published in JME) and here are Discussion Questions to assist in the debriefing.

Contributed by Norman Sheehan

Boycotting HBR? Some Alternatives…

You may have followed the debate about HBR’s policy prohibiting professors from linking suggested HBR readings to their own library’s paid subscriptions (see Joshua Gans’ blog posts on this and his Financial Times article on HBR and their journal list). I have increasingly used McKinsey Quarterly which makes their articles available for free (you need to register but that’s free). Here are some HBR alternatives that seem to work well (often by authors you know well):

Strategy process & org change

Internal Analysis and Competitive Advantage

Continue reading